June 22, 2008

"ABD" -- what does it really mean?

I thought I knew what the definition of ABD was. It was exactly the same as defined here in Carnegie Mellon's University Doctoral Candidate Policies for All But Dissertation (ABD):
After the completion of all formal degree requirements other than the completion of and approval of the doctoral dissertation and the public final examination, doctoral candidates shall be regarded as All But Dissertation(ABD).
I have, though, occasionally run into the term ABD being used as a somewhat disparaging designation for one who fulfills the formal degree requirements of the Ph.D. but never finishes the dissertation, and then quits the program. Most recently, I saw it in What They Didn't Teach You in Graduate School: 199 Helpful Hints for Success in Your Academic Career, by Paul Gray and David E. Drew.

Number 9 of their helpful hints is one that I strongly agree with: "Remember that a Ph.D. is primarily an indication of survivorship." They go on to say, "You stuck with it until it was done, unlike the ABDs (All But Dissertation), people who complete all the other requirements but bail out before they finish their dissertations."

In hint number 12, in which they remind the reader that "You must have the Ph.D. in hand before you can move up the academic ladder," they say "ABD's may be much abler and more brilliant than you but they didn't possess the stamina (or the circumstances) to finish the degree. In our judgment, being an ABD is the end of the academic line."

My guess is that the authors, as professors, have had to give such stern advice to their own students who were wavering about finishing the dissertation.

My only quibble is with their terminology. What do you think is the correct use of the term "ABD?" Should it refer only to people who have "bailed" on the degree? Or does it refer to those who are in the process of writing the dissertation, having fulfilled all other requirements?

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35 Comments:

At 10:22 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I say why use "ABD" at all. Either you have a Ph.D. or you don't.

 
At 10:24 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I say "ABD" be reserved to reward grad students who are working on their dissertation. If you drop out, you're a grad school drop out. No one talks about the college junior year undergrad drop out as anything more than a college drop out. What makes Ph.D. students any more special. You didn't finish.

 
At 2:25 AM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I actually never heard the term while in grad school. We would just say "s/he is finishing" or "s/he is writing". So when I came across the term about a month ago, I automatically thought it meant a drop out. Only later I realized it intended to mean somebody writing.... I am perfectly ok with dropping the term altogether!

 
At 11:20 PM, Blogger Gina said...

I tend to agree with anon #2; it's a term used by universities to mean that you've passed your qualifying exams and you've done all that's needed to graduate except write the dissertation. That's a pretty big "except," though. What makes the PhD a particularly difficult degree to earn is achievement of writing the dissertation.

In the world of employment outside of academia, I don't think that the label ABD has any meaning, or would entice an employer to hire you even if they knew what it meant.

 
At 4:17 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

You know- I hate being stuck in between my masters and my EdD. All I can put next to my name is my M.S. Ed- but I have done all my doc coursework.
I am a doc candidate working on my dissertation so I would appreciate being able to at least say ABD, but I have run into people who have been ABD for 10 yrs and they are not even working on their dissertation anymore.
What is the right term then?

 
At 4:37 PM, Blogger Gina said...

This is one reason I wanted to find out what others thought. My opinion is that others are not impressed by the letters ABD after your name. And after all, why are you putting the letters there, if not to tell others something important about your progress? Unlike the M.A., the doctoral degree (in most fields, although I'm aware that in a Psy.D. it's more about clinical experience and supervision) is not mostly about the coursework, but it's about the dissertation. Therefore, it doesn't really say much to let others know that you're ABD. Of course, an employer might want to know how soon you will graduate, in which case it's important to let them know that you've finished the coursework, passed the qualifying exam, and have finished x number o chapters of your dissertation. But again, I don't think letting them know by putting letters after your name is the way to go. Tell them in a letter or in your CV. Unless there is some kind of precedent or different rule in your field.

 
At 5:58 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

My impression is that ABD means "Has completed all requirements except dissertation; has not withdrawn from program." ABDs in my field (music) can go out and get academic jobs, with the assumption that they will finish eventually. So it's not a term of shame, and shouldn't be used as one because that lumps together people who just completed all their requirements and are racing ahead on their proposal, people who are 6 years into it and cry themselves to sleep every night, and people who met a wonderful man the following year and decided taking advantage of the childbearing years was more important to them.

I seems inaccurate to characterize a person who dropped out/elected not to finish as "ABD," because they are no longer even pretending to seek a degree; more accurate to say they left the program when they were ABD. The 15-year ABD is a cautionary tale for the trembling graduate student, but in practice most schools have a cutoff number of years, and they also make you keep paying while you tell them you still might finish.

That said, putting the letters after your name seems silly because it's not a degree. It belongs in the CV and cover letter.

 
At 6:58 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

In my department, once you have completed your coursework, language, and qualifying exams you have achieved candidacy. The appropriate way of indicating this level on a CV would be to refer to yourself as a candidate rather than a student. I have always thought of "ABD" as a less formal way of referring to a doctoral candidate vs. a doctoral student. It is used casually, but never appears on any formal documentation.

 
At 7:39 PM, Blogger Barbara Ruth Saunders said...

Hi,

I think the use of ABD by so many people who have dropped out has brought an unfortunate taint to the term in some circles.

It makes to me that ABD would be used to indicate a particular stage in the degree-earning process, and that one might even apply for jobs while in that stage.

As a recruiter for jobs requiring no graduate degree at all, I saw it used all the time in the headers of resumes, typically by people who were so caught up in their own sense of "failure" that, paradoxically, they announced it! Where M.A. or M.S. would have been sufficient - or even impressive - ABD said both, "I didn't finish!" and "I lack confidence."

So, I fear that in some circumstances, "real" ABDs are taken for those others.

 
At 8:49 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

That is to why this title can not be forever - you are given a timeline to write your dissertation - if undone within a reasonable time then you don't carrry this title anymore.

 
At 5:36 PM, Blogger karolyn said...

I am an ABD grad school dropout, and I put MS, if anything. No one is ever impressed with your credentials, and if they are, they probably aren't the sort of person you're trying to impress.

I work in administration right now and personally really hate seeing emails from grad students signed Billy Bob, Ph.D. (ABD). It's like cheating, and all of the emails from actual professors are just signed "Jane," no alphabet soup to confuse undergraduates into respecting them.

I really don't get it.. if you're just getting the degree for the title, then you won't have the stamina to do much with your career once/if you finish. If you actually are someone important, you go out of your way not to fool with titles like Dr.....

Unless of course you have an online EdD, and then it's Dr., even on your credit cards, because you DID buy your degree for the title.

 
At 6:08 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I am assistant professor currently reviewing job applications. If I read an application from an applicant that had the audacity to actually write "ABD" after their name on anything (e.g. cv, cover letter) I would be hard pressed to be able to take their application seriously nevermind have any expectations of ever working with such. It is a "tongue-in-cheek" way of describing status equivalent to using slang on a job app/cover letter.

 
At 7:01 PM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

Thanks for your comments, Karolyn and anonymous assistant professor. I've always thought that it's best to leave off any "non-official" credentials, and explain your status in a cover letter. It's certainly not ok to put Ph.D. and then qualify it with ABD or anything else. You don't have the Ph.D. until you've fully earned it!

 
At 3:56 AM, Anonymous Research Papers said...

Many institutions limit access to their online information. Making this information available will be an asset to all.

 
At 12:43 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Sounds like a bunch of academics drinking their own kool-aid. I'd like to offer a different perspective. When PhD students leave the program and decide to return the real world, they have to explain what they were doing for three years in school. ABD is a simple way to say, "I was in a program, I passed my quals and coarsework, but decided that academia wasn't for me so I left the program before finishing my dissertation." Since this seems to be the common use of the ABD, let it be so.

 
At 7:33 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

I challenged a friend who called an ABD a terminal degree. Now she is really mad. Maybe I was wrong. Does anyone consider the ABD a terminal degree?

 
At 11:21 PM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

I don't think anyone considers ABD to be a terminal degree. It just means you've passed all the qualifications to getting your Ph.D. except for the minor detail of writing and defending your dissertation. Many would argue that the classes and comps are just a continuation of undergrad courses, only more intense. It's the dissertation process in their view that separates the women from the girls.

 
At 9:00 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

ABD means different things to to different people, depending on what relationship the 'judge' has to educational issues. Factually, ABD means having completed 'All But Disseration', and the reason for that status could be for any number of reasons, not just 'quitters' or 'losers' like some of the emails here naively imply. Some universities require more profound and justifiable dissertations than others do. People who work full time and study part-time may be 'ABD' for a while until they have time and money to finish. ABD does, in any case, mean the holder has accomplished quite a lot more than a Masters degree alone. Some remain terminal ABD due to health problems or heavy family commitments (common enough in recent years in the USA). There a lot of people who have not completed PhDs due to health or economic problems and thus why special PhD completion programs exist, and evaluating that negatively may interpret as bias toward those who do not come from socially or economically privileged backgrounds, or those with health disabilities. Whether or not ABD can be listed with letters after the name is a matter of debate and opinion, and the individual university may or may not endorse usage of the title.
In any case, all degrees should be verified with the issuing institution since so many people try to fake credentials they don't really have. You may also need to verify the number of units beyond Masters with the issuing university in order to verify ABD.

 
At 10:06 PM, Blogger EPeck said...

I am a school teacher, and having an ABD gives me a "T6" certification status, which is higher than the T5 for the Master's degree. The advantage of getting a T6 is to get a raise, so we can afford finishing our doctorate program.

 
At 3:46 PM, Anonymous Jane Fader said...

I currently have to explain my lack of a phd after my program crumbled and left me without anyone to advise me through a diss. I have my coursework completed but did not do my exams and obviously have no diss to speak of. I decided to withdraw and take a few years to explore other venues before applying to another instutution.

Any advice on how I might summarize this on a resume/CV? I'm not ABD, I'm not a candidate, I'm not CURRENTLY working toward a degree...

...sticky stuff...help is appreciated...

 
At 1:19 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Some universities, Carnegie Mellon for example, do offer terminal degrees that are essentially the equivalent of gaining ABD status.

http://www.cmu.edu/policies/documents/ABD.html

I'm guessing that most people who are complaining about ABD grad students writing "ABD" after their names do not have any idea how difficult it is to actually achieve ABD status.

I'm sure Anon Professor knows, since he/she apparently completed the PhD. But, many people misconstrue grad school as a walk in the park.

 
At 2:57 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

The term "ABD" is a joke. It makes the user seem as though he or she is pretending to have a degree that he or she does not actually have. Worse is when someone with an "ABD" designation insists upon being called "doctor". I regard people who do this with the utmost disdain.

 
At 3:02 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Guys: I have a law degree. If I quit law school halfway through, would I get to call myself a lawyer, "all but the other half of school"? This whole ABD thing is ridiculous. You either did the work to earn the PhD, or you didn't!

 
At 4:44 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Is this blog still live? I am hoping so. I have been using ABD as a credential- as in: Mary Smith, MA, ABD - but from I am reading here that may not be acceptable? I asked my committee chair and he thought it was fine to use...

 
At 5:07 PM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

Hi Anonymous,

Yes this blog is still alive, although I have to admit I've let it languish due to a hard year (divorce after 34 years of marriage, sell a house in this market, buy a townhouse and move). Sorry if this is "tmi."

I think the term is "acceptable," but the question is, does it achieve what you want? From the responses here, you can see that some people find it derogatory or silly. On the other hand, if you are using it within your university to communicate needed information (e.g. they need to distinguish ABDs from non ABDs), then I would use it. I think it will not do you much good in the job market. But I don't have the final word. It's in the eye of the beholder. So think of the eventual audience when you use the term "ABD."

 
At 2:59 PM, Blogger Chris said...

One person, a teacher, got a raise with the ABD. I know that small universities consider ABDs over folks with just a masters. Folks who say its nonsense simply don't know. If you can get a job or a raise as a result, it has currency.

 
At 12:37 AM, Blogger Bri said...

The best answer I have read about the use of "ABD" is from this APA.org page:

http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb06/ethics.aspx.

Clearly, according to the American Psychological Association, the use of "ABD" after one's name has the potential to be misleading and therefore unethical. If you read this whole page (following the link), you'll see that the APA considers it a useful acronym when discussing or writing about one's status with other professionals in universities, but NOT when communicating with potential clients or consumers. I totally agree, and as a doctoral student myself, I get somewhat worked up about this issue. I will soon reach the comprehensive exams (July) and then I could be considered an "ABD," but I am not going to put it next to my name. I will still just be an MA and an LMHCA in this state. I look forward to being Ed.D. and LP, but I am not there yet!

 
At 11:54 AM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

I would say, after reading over the comments so far, that it's important to be aware of your audience and the context in which you use the term. In some cases it may help get you a raise, as in the K-12 educational system, and in others it may make you seem naive if you put it after your name. I would guess that it's best to include the information that you passed all the course requirements for the Ph.D. but didn't write a dissertation in the cover letter. Even there, you want to make sure that this is a context where people admire course work completion and aren't looking for dissertation completion (and all that this accomplishment entails).

 
At 2:13 PM, Blogger Nathan said...

So here is the problem that I am currently in with the use of ABD.

I am applying for a job i hope to get in 2 months. As of today, I have finished writing my diss and have submitted it to my advisor for correction which will then go to my committee. The defense will happen shortly too. The issue comes with a pull down menu for the application that lists BS, MS, ABD and PhD. The job requires a PhD but I currently do not have it yet. If I put down PhD, I am lying, if I put down ABD then I feel like I am saying I am not planning on finishing.

Any thoughts?

 
At 4:35 PM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

Hi Nathan,

Is there any opportunity to write a cover letter? Are there any fill in the blank questions with enough places to explain? It will hurt your job chances not to put Ph.D. (I'm assuming this), so I would put it and explain in some way -- you could even call the HR director. It must be a big company if they don't allow any type of human contact!

 
At 10:09 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Why not use the more commonly accepted term for ABD? It is a Master's degree. I don't recall this designation being accepted in other programs. Either you complete the PhD or you don't. If I see ABD on a resume I think Master's.

 
At 11:59 AM, Blogger Gina Hiatt, Ph.D. said...

I'm actually not sure if all ABDs have a Master's degree. Some Ph.D. programs, I think, don't grant a master in a "terminal Ph.D" program. Does anyone know for sure if all ABD's in terminal Ph.D. programs are granted a master's degree?

 
At 3:31 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

ABD *does* carry weight. You get two chances to pass your comp exams. If you fail at the exams, you're out of the program. No other chances, no other universities, your career path as a PhD is gone. Not all PhD candidates pass their comps. Columbia has a fail rate of 50%. Bravo to those who do pass their comps and continue their research!

 
At 5:33 PM, Anonymous Anonymous said...

Agree. One either has a PhD or does not. The dissertation is integral and essential. Bailing means one does not have a PhD.

 
At 8:51 PM, Blogger hootenany said...

Only academics get hung up on the minutiae of title designations.

I do have to disagree with some comments that indicated that ABDs are quitters. I completed my coursework and passed my language exams, writtens, and orals but my committee wanted to stonewall my candidacy because one of the members had personal issues with me that I was not aware of. So I never quit on grad school and unfortunately, I will have to file an academic appeal because of the intent of the committee to block anything that I present as a prospectus.

 

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